Accumulation of macro, meso and microplastics on an urban Caribbean Beach in Venezuela: Human Influences and Coastal Dynamics

Abstract

Plastics, derived from petroleum and natural gas, are lightweight, moldable, durable, and inexpensive, which has led to their massive use and the generation of solid waste that pollutes diverse environments. This study analyzed the occurrence of macro, meso, and microplastics on San Luis Beach (Cumaná), eastern Venezuela. Sediment samples were collected at five equidistant points along three transects of 350 m, while plastic litter was collected over a 3,500 m² area and classified into usage categories. Sediments were dried, sieved, and plastic particles were extracted using magnifying lens and density separation with NaCl 5 mol·L⁻¹ for the finer fraction. Extracted particles were classified by size, shape, and color, and selected samples were further analyzed by ATR-FTIR. Results showed the presence of marine plastic litter mainly associated with food packaging and consumption. The sediment matrix was dominated by fragments and fibers, linked to the degradation of plastic litter as well as fishing activities and wastewater inputs. Moreover, the spatial distribution of plastic particles toward urbanized areas reflects strong anthropogenic influence and coastal dynamics.